Athens and Sparta represented for classical thinkers distinct and opposing regimes. Democratic Athens took pride in its freedom, openness, and accomplishments in the arts and philosophy. Oligarchic ...

During the fifth century BC, Athens was a city-state to be reckoned with. Together with Sparta, it was one of the two great powers of Classical Greece. When in 431 bc the Peloponnesian War broke out, ...

In Ancient Greece, Athens was known for its philosophers, scientists, and theorists of democracy. Sparta was known for its military prowess, its bravery and its ability to defend itself against ...

On Sparta’s Second Attic War, by Paul A. Rahe. Sparta’s check of imperial Athens in the inconclusive so-called First Peloponnesian War (460–445 B.C.) foreshadowed a remarkable subsequent ...

Bagnall (The Punic Wars, 2005), a former British army chief of the general staff, completed this rigorous study of ancient Greece's 27-year civil war just before his death in 2002. A seminal event in ...

Thucydides’ history of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) holds crucial lessons about the nature of great power war, beyond the much-vaunted cause and effect construction of the outbreak of ...

Good morning and welcome to Summit Up, the world’s only daily column that’s educating the masses about the difference between Athenians and Spartans. Consider this a flash back to elementary social ...