A $5-billion gamble changed IBM’s future: How Thomas Watson Jr. moved the company from punched cards to computing

Thomas Watson Jr. bet billions on IBM’s shift from punched cards to electronic computing, transforming the company through the System/360 and a $5-billion investment.
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A 1948 IBM computer with no memory at all, fed by punchcards and programmed by physically rewiring its panels, was still doing the accounting at a Texas filtration company as ...

Punch cards beside a vintage time clock. Photo by Vitor Diniz/Pexels. Representative image; these are not IBM 402 data cards and the machine is not an IBM 402. At Sparkler Filters in Conroe, Texas, ...