This study investigates various microfluidic chip fabrication techniques, highlighting their applicability and limitations in the context of urgent diagnostic needs showcased by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Soft lithography is a fabrication technique used to create micro- and nanoscale patterns. Developed in the early 1990s by George M. Whitesides and colleagues, it simplifies pattern formation by using ...

Soft lithography facilitates the fabrication of intricate three-dimensional patterns and structures at both microscale and nanoscale dimensions. Diverging from photolithography, a technique commonly ...

Conventional manufacturing methods such as soft lithography and hot embossing processes can be used to bioengineer microfluidic chips, albeit with limitations, including difficulty in preparing ...

Given the great success of electrical processing systems, a long-standing goal in the field of microfluidics has been the creation of a fully integrated, automatic liquid processing system, sometimes ...

The method of fabricating structures and devices at the nanoscale, known as nanofabrication, has resulted in major developments in several fields, such as electronics, medicine, and materials science.