Caesar's Civil War (49-45 BCE) was a pivotal conflict between Julius Caesar and the Senate, led by Pompey the Great and the Optimates faction. Triggered by political tensions and Caesar’s ambition, it began when Caesar crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BCE, declaring war on the Senate. The war featured several brutal battles, including the significant confrontations at Pharsalus, Alexandria, and Munda. At Pharsalus in 48 BCE, Caesar’s smaller force decisively defeated Pompey’s larger army, forcing